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MOSES THE EGYPTIAN THE EGYPTIAN MOSES

I THAT AM THE LAW OF MAAT THE LAW OF MAAT AM I

OF

PEACE OF LOVE OF LOVE OF PEACE

AM

I

SAY PEACE AND LOVE AND LIGHT

GODS LIGHT GODS AM I GODS I AM GODS LIGHT GODS AM

I

THOU ART ME AND I AM THOU THOU AM I AND ME ART THOU

 

 

 

 

 

I

AM

THE

PATH OF PTAH

THE

WAY THE TRUTH THE LIFE THE TRUTH THE WAY

 

 

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THE ALPHABET OF BIBLICAL HEBREW

biblescripture.net/Hebrew.html

The Hebrew alphabet has evolved from Biblical, Phoenician, and Aramaic origins. ... a consonantal system with three-letter word roots to connote meaning; and ...

 

THE

ALPHABET OF BIBLICAL HEBREW

This page is an introduction to the alphabet of Hebrew Scripture.
Hebrew is a Semitic language. The word Semitic comes from the name Shem, named in Genesis (6:10) as the son of Noah , whose descendants lived in the Middle East. Phoenician, Hebrew, and Aramaic are Northwest Semitic languages, and Arabic is Southwest Semitic. All are examples of Semitic languages, which have similar characteristics, such as the presence of guttural letters formed in the pharynx or larynx; a consonantal system with three-letter word roots to connote meaning; and changes in the form or morphology of the word root through the addition of prefixes, infixes, and suffixes to determine the precise sense and function of the word.

Hebrew was the original language of the Israelites. Hebrew tradition, the Torah itself, as well as Jesus and the New Testament writers name Moses as the divinely inspired author of the Pentateuch (see Genesis and Genesis 3:15). It is believed that Moses lived in the latter part of the second millenium BC (1500-1200 BC). Archeology has yet to discover the precise time that Moses lived and led his people during the Exodus from Egypt, or the actual script utilized by Moses to write the Torah. Furthermore, no original manuscript by the author of any biblical book has yet been discovered!

Phoenicia (now Lebanon) was a peaceful sea-faring nation expert in navigation and trade that developed their alphabet around 1400 BC in an effort to communicate with their diverse trading partners that encircled the Mediterranean Sea. It was the Phoenician alphabet that was widely received throughout the Mediterranean world, as it was only 22 letters based on sound, as opposed to the myriad of symbols in cuneiform and hieroglyphics prevalent at the time. The Hebrew alphabet known as Ketav Ivri or Paleo-Hebrew was nearly identical to the Phoenician alphabet that follows:

Biblical Hebrew contains 22 letters, as noted in Psalm 119, all of which are consonants. The alphabet and language remained pure until the Babylonian exile in 587 BC, when, following the destruction of the Temple of Solomon, spoken Hebrew came under the influence of other languages, particularly Aramaic. Aramaic became the prevailing language, or "lingua franca" of the entire Middle East from about 700 BC to 700 AD. Because of the Dispersion of the people of Israel to Babylon and Egypt, knowledge of pre-exilic texts was dependent on oral tradition. This occasionally gave rise to an ambiguity of interpretation for a text written purely in consonants.

The Hebrew language adopted the square script alphabet of Imperial Aramaic, known as Ketav Ashuri.
Tradition holds that Ezra adopted the Aramaic square alphabet in place of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet during the post-exilic Restoration of Israel in the fifth century BC. As the Aramaic alphabet became the Hebrew alphabet, Hebrew papyri and parchments were then primarily written in Aramaic script. The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet has persisted to the present day solely with the Samaritans. The Biblical Hebrew text available to us today is thus written in the Hebrew language with the adopted Aramaic alphabet.

Jesus and his Apostles spoke Aramaic. However, the Aramaic language was largely replaced by Arabic with the rise of Islam in the seventh century AD. Aramaic does persist in the liturgies of the Eastern Catholic Chaldean, Maronite, and Syriac Churches, and remains a spoken language among scattered villages throughout the Middle East, especially among the Assyrians and Chaldeans.

Please note that the letter ו
in Biblical Hebrew was known as waw and pronounced as w, as יהוה Yahweh, and ויקרא Wayiqra, the original Hebrew name for the Book of Leviticus, whereas in modern Hebrew ו is known as vav and pronounced as v.

Note that the guttural letters א and ע
are generally silent in contemporary pronunciation, and assume the sound of their related vowel. In fact, the laryngeal א and the pharyngeal ע had been two of the most difficult letters to pronounce.

Hebrew is written from right to left. There are no capital letters in Hebrew. Letters stand alone in printing or writing. Observe that five letters, Kaf, Mem, Nun, Peh, and Tsade, have a final form when the letter occurs at the end of a word. For example, Peh at the beginning or middle of the word has the form of פ, but at the end of a word appears as ף.

Notice that in the pronunciation column, six letters (aleph, het, tet, ayin, tsade, and shin) do not convert directly into our alphabet, and have been given symbols for transliteration, which are sometimes employed in biblical or scholarly works. Please observe in the following chart the distinctions in the pronunciation and transliteration of the three forms of the letter shin: unpointed shin (as in original texts or modern unpointed contemporary script), shin with a dot over the right-hand corner, and shin with a dot over the left-hand corner.

In addition, three letters, Bet ב, Kaf כ, and Peh פ, vary in pronunciation depending on the presence of a dot. The point or dot within a letter, as seen in the three letters Bet, Kaf, and Peh, is known as a dagesh. The functions of a dagesh include: (a) to signal the doubling effect of a consonant, as in the letter p in יוֹם כִּפּוּר, Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement; or (b) to emphasize pronunciation, as the letter Bet with the dot is hard b, as in ball, whereas Bet without the dot is soft and becomes v, as in have. Note the pronunciations in the following chart:

Numbers one through ten have two forms - masculine and feminine, depending on the noun to which they refer. Number one אֶחָד may mean one or first, as in Genesis 1:5, the First Day. Sometime during the Maccabean period (the second century BC), the letters of the alphabet began to represent numbers, such as the first ten letters of the Hebrew alphabet began to signify numbers one through ten, as seen in the presentation of the Ten Commandments:

TIME OF MANUSCRIPT

Two characteristics of ancient Hebrew were the pure use of consonants, and the use of an epicene personal pronoun (a personal pronoun that does not distinguish for male and female) - the same word is used for both "he" and "she." This use of an epicene personal pronoun
הוא
first appears in Genesis 2:11, occurs in Genesis 3:15, and appears 120 times throughout the Pentateuch of Moses in Hebrew Scripture, but not in the Prophets or Writings.

The only pre-exilic Biblical passage that has been discovered to date is the Priestly Blessing from Numbers 6:24-26, which is found throughout the liturgies of Judaism and Christianity. Two silver amulets with the Priestly Blessing were uncovered in a burial chamber on the western slope of the Hinnom Valley in Jerusalem in 1979. This archeological find has been dated from about 600 BC, and is pre-exilic; the amulets are inscribed in the Paleo-Hebrew consonantal text. Of great importance, the Divine name YHWH was inscribed on the amulets!

Beginning in the pre-Exilic period, the following three consonants,
ה hey, ן waw, י yod
were used at the end of a word to indicate final vowels.
Beginning in the post-Exilic period, waw and yod were also used as vowel indicators within a word.

The oldest Biblical Hebrew manuscript in our possession came with the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, a collection of writings from the Essenes, a monastic religious sect of Judaism that emerged near Qumran about 200 BC. In 1947 a Bedouin shepherd named Muhammed ed-Dhib accidentally discovered three scrolls in the caves of Qumran near the Dead Sea: a complete scroll of the Book of Isaiah; the Manual of Discipline, also called the Community Rule, and a Commentary on Habakkuk. Soon thereafter, four more scrolls were uncovered - the Hymn Scroll, another partial scroll of Isaiah, the Genesis Apocryphon, and the War Scroll, an eschatological text that deals with the final battle between the sons of light and the sons of darkness. Together these seven comprise the seven original Dead Sea Scrolls now preserved in Jerusalem. Thus began the greatest discovery of ancient manuscripts of the twentieth century - nearly 900 scrolls were uncovered in 11 caves in Qumran. The Dead Sea Scrolls included portions of each book of the Pentateuch written in the pre-exilic Hebrew alphabet known as Ketav Ivri or Paleo-Hebrew, as well as scrolls written in the post-exilic Ketav Ashuri or Aramaic Square script, and even some written in both forms of script. These recently discovered scrolls of the Essenes were written purely in consonants.

During the ninth and tenth centuries AD, the Masoretes, Jewish scholars in Tiberias, Galilee, perfected a system of points or nikkud for vowel notation and added it to the received consonantal text. The vowel points were added to ensure proper interpretation and reading of Hebrew Scripture, and are known as the Masoretic or Tiberian vowel points. This point system was added without altering the spacing of the text.

All of these considerations help biblical scholars to date a particular Hebrew text. For instance, the presence of "pointed text" allows biblical scholars to date manuscripts to at least the latter part of the first millennium AD.

VOWELS

Vowels in Masoretic Hebrew Scripture are a combination of the historically long vowels, Hey, Waw, and Yod, and the Masoretic or Tiberian Vowel Points. Vowels are long or short in quality and quantity. Hey ה, Waw ו, and Yod י became known as "matres lectiones," or "mothers of reading," as they assisted in reading Scripture. The individual letter used as a vowel was known as a mater. Waw served as a vowel and was pronounced as long o or u, whereas Yod as a vowel was pronounced as long e or i. Hey served as a final long a. The Masoretic vowel points in conjunction with the mater helped to clarify and preserve the proper pronunciation, so that, for example, waw with a dot over it וֹ was pronounced long o, and waw with a dot beside it וּ was pronounced long u. The vowel points for Hey and Yod occur underneath the prior letter.

The Shewaְ sign, a colon under the letter, is written in the absence of a distinct vowel sound, and may be vocal or silent. Shewa under the first letter of a word or syllable, or following a long vowel, is vocal, and becomes a semi-vowel, and is pronounced as a half of a short e. Shewa under a letter that closes a syllable is silent. With the guttural letters aleph א, hey ה, het ח, and ayin ע, vocal shewa is combined with three vowel signs (Patah, Segol, and Qamets) to produce three hurried vowels known as the hateph vowels.

The following chart summarizes the Masoretic vowel points. Notice in the following chart that the majority of vowel points appear under the letter, except for long o when it occurs over and to the left of the letter.
We recommend the three reference textbooks below for an in-depth study of Biblical Hebrew

With the Masoretic vowel points, the vowel follows the consonant in pronunciation, as, for example, לָ is pronounced la, לֻ is lu, and מִ is pronounced mi. As these are consonants that end with a vowel, these are examples of open syllables. Syllables are of two types in Hebrew: open and closed. A closed syllable is one that ends with a consonant, as בֵּנ is ben, the word for son; and סוּס is sūs, the word for horse.

This multiple form of vowel notation accounts for much of the variation in word formation in the Masoretic text. For example, Joshua, the son of Nun, in Judges 2:7, is spelled two different ways in the same sentence! The mater Shureq וּ is utilized for the vowel u in the first spelling, while the short vowel point Qibbuts ֻ
is incorporated for the second spelling.

VOCABULARY

The following list of vocabulary words includes the personal pronouns and a chart of 40 words in Masoretic pointed text, primarily from the Books of Genesis and Exodus. Hebrew is quite distinctive in that it has two words for the first person singular pronoun. The third person feminine singular pronoun was written as הִוא in the Pentateuch, and subsequently as הִיא. Hebrew words with the same root often have related meanings. For example, יָלַד means to give birth; יֶלֶד is boy; יַלְדָה means girl; יְלָדִים is children or boys; and יַלְדוּת means childhood or youth. Accent is primarily on the last syllable. Nouns in Hebrew are either masculine or feminine. Note the verbs: to create in the perfect tense representing completed action; to write in the imperfect tense of discourse; and to call in the waw-consecutive tense of narration. A careful study of the pronunciation of the Hebrew words should give one an appreciation for the phonetics of Hebrew letters and vowels. Note that Yeshua, the true name of Jesus, appears throughout the Old Testament, for it means the Lord saves!

SCRIPTURE READING

The following passage is Genesis 3:15 presented in Masoretic "pointed text." We have preserved the ancient epicene personal pronoun הוא in consonantal text, as one cannot know whether the pronoun in the original script referred to "woman" or "seed (offspring)." Remember Hebrew is written from right to left, so the English translation is best understood when read in similar fashion. The links at the end offer more passages in Hebrew for your study.

References

1 Minto A. Genesis 1-11. Course Lectures and Texts, Franciscan University, Steubenville, Ohio, 2004.
2 Henson J. Biblical Hebrew. Course Lectures and Notes. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 2008.
3 Mansoor M. Biblical Hebrew - Step by Step, Volume One, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1980, 24th Printing, 2007; Volume Two, Third Edition, 1984, 13th printing, 2002.
4 Ross A. Introducing Biblical Hebrew. Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2001.
5 Lambdin TO. Introduction to Biblical Hebrew. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1971.
6 The Hebrew Bible. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Masoretic Text, Fifth Edition. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1997.
7 JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh. Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia, 2000.
8 Rendsburg GA. A New Look at Pentateuchal HW'. Biblica 63:351-369, 1982.
9 Kohlenberger JR. NIV Interlinear Hebrew-English Old Testament. Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1987.
10 Brown F. Brown, Driver, Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon. Hendrickson Publishers, Peabody, Massachusetts, 2000.

The Bible
Book of Genesis
Genesis 1:1-5
Creation
Genesis 3:15

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Web definitions for pentateuch
Torah: the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit
wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn - Definition in context

Search ResultsPentateuch - definition of Pentateuch by the Free Online ...
Pen·ta·teuch (p n t -t k , -ty k ). n. The first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures. [Middle English Pentateuke, from Late Latin Pentateuchus, from Greek ...
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pentateuch [ˈpɛntəˌtjuːk]
n
(Christian Religious Writings / Bible) the first five books of the Old Testament regarded as a unity
[from Church Latin pentateuchus, from Greek penta- + teukhos tool (in Late Greek: scroll)]
Pentateuchal adj
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003

ThesaurusLegend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms
Noun 1. Pentateuch - the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit
Laws, Torah
Book of Genesis, Genesis - the first book of the Old Testament: tells of Creation; Adam and Eve; the Fall of Man; Cain and Abel; Noah and the flood; God's covenant with Abraham; Abraham and Isaac; Jacob and Esau; Joseph and his brothers
Book of Exodus, Exodus - the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses; God gave them the Ten Commandments and the rest of Mosaic law on Mount Sinai during the Exodus
Book of Leviticus, Leviticus - the third book of the Old Testament; contains Levitical law and ritual precedents
Book of Numbers, Numbers - the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt
Book of Deuteronomy, Deuteronomy - the fifth book of the Old Testament; contains a second statement of Mosaic law
Old Testament - the collection of books comprising the sacred scripture of the Hebrews and recording their history as the chosen people; the first half of the Christian Bible
Hebrew Scripture, Tanach, Tanakh - the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings

Pentateuch: Definition from Answers.com
Pentateuch ( ) n. The first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures. [Middle English Pentateuke , from Late Latin Pentateuchus , from Greek Pentateukhos :
www.answers.com/topic/pentateuch -

www.answers.com/topic/pentateuch -

Pentateuch - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster ...
Etymology: Middle English Penteteuke, from Late Latin Pentateuchus, from Greek Pentateuchos, from penta- + teuchos tool, vessel, book, from teuchein to make ...
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pentateuch -

pentateuch

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Pen·ta·teuch noun \ˈpen-tə-ˌtük, -ˌtyük\
Definition of PENTATEUCH
: the first five books of Jewish and Christian Scriptures
Origin of PENTATEUCH
Middle English Penteteuke, from Late Latin Pentateuchus, from Greek Pentateuchos, from penta- + teuchos tool, vessel, book, from teuchein to make — more at doughty
First Known Use: 15th century
Rhymes with PENTATEUCH
antinuke, Heptateuch, Hexateuch, liver fluke
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What does Pentateuch mean? definition and meaning (Free English ...
Definition of Pentateuch in the AudioEnglish.net Dictionary. Meaning of Pentateuch. What does Pentateuch mean? Proper usage of the word Pentateuch.
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PENTATEUCH
Dictionary entry overview: What does Pentateuch mean?

• PENTATEUCH (noun)
The noun PENTATEUCH has 1 sense:

1. the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

Familiarity information: PENTATEUCH used as a noun is very rare.ictionary entry details

• PENTATEUCH (noun)

Sense 1 Pentateuch [BACK TO TOP]

Meaning:

The first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

Classified under:

Nouns denoting communicative processes and contents

Synonyms:

Laws; Pentateuch; Torah

Instance hypernyms:

religious text; religious writing; sacred text; sacred writing (writing that is venerated for the worship of a deity)

Meronyms (parts of "Pentateuch"):

Book of Genesis; Genesis (the first book of the Old Testament: tells of creation; Adam and Eve; the Fall of Man; Cain and Abel; Noah and the flood; God's covenant with Abraham; Abraham and Isaac; Jacob and Esau; Joseph and his brothers)

Book of Exodus; Exodus (the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses; God gave them the Ten Commandments and the rest of Mosaic law on Mount Sinai during the Exodus)

Book of Leviticus; Leviticus (the third book of the Old Testament; contains Levitical law and ritual precedents)

Book of Numbers; Numbers (the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt)

Book of Deuteronomy; Deuteronomy (the fifth book of the Old Testament; contains a second statement of Mosaic law)

Holonyms ("Pentateuch" is a part of...):

Old Testament (the collection of books comprising the sacred scripture of the Hebrews and recording their history as the chosen people; the first half of the Christian Bible)

Hebrew Scripture; Tanach; Tanakh (the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings)

Pentateuch | Define Pentateuch at Dictionary.com
the first five books of the Old Testament: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, numbers, and Deuteronomy. Use Pentateuch in a Sentence · See images of Pentateuch ...
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Pen·ta·teuch   /ˈpɛntəˌtuk, -ˌtyuk/ Show Spelled[pen-tuh-took, -tyook] Show IPA
–noun
the first five books of the Old Testament: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, numbers, and Deuteronomy.
Use Pentateuch in a Sentence
See images of Pentateuch
Search Pentateuch on the Web

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Origin:
< LL Pentateuchus < LGk pentáteuchos, equiv. to Gk penta- penta- + teûchos tool, vessel (LGk: scroll case book)

—Related forms
Pen·ta·teuch·al, adjective Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2010.
Cite This Source | Link To Pentateuch

Explore the Visual Thesaurus »Related Words for : Pentateuch
Laws, Torah

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Pentateuch - Definition of Pentateuch at YourDictionary.com
the first five books of the Bible. Origin: LL(Ec) Pentateuchus < Gr(Ec) pentateuchos, composed of five books < penta-, five + teuchos, an implement, ...
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Pen·ta·teuch noun \ˈpen-tə-ˌtük, -ˌtyük\
Definition of PENTATEUCH

: the first five books of Jewish and Christian Scriptures
Origin of PENTATEUCH

Middle English Penteteuke, from Late Latin Pentateuchus, from Greek Pentateuchos, from penta- + teuchos tool, vessel, book, from teuchein to make — more at doughty
First Known Use: 15th century

Rhymes with PENTATEUCH
antinuke, Heptateuch, Hexateuch, liver fluke

Related phrases: tours pentateuch samaritan pentateuch ashburnham pentateuch making of the pentateuch torah/ chumash/ pentateuch pentateuch of the cosmogony

Web definitions for pentateuch
Torah: the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit
wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn

Definitions of pentateuch on the Web:

•Torah: the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit
wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn

•The term "Torah" (Hebrew: תּוֹרָה, "teaching" or "instruction", sometimes translated as "law"), refers either to the Five Books of Moses (or Pentateuch) or to the entirety of Judaism's founding legal and ethical religious texts. ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentateuch

•5 Books of Moses; comes from the Latin root word meaning "five".
www.judaism.com/glossary/gloss1.asp

•[from Greek pente five + teuchos books]
www.experiencefestival.com/dream_dictionary_revenge

•The five books of Moses contained in the Torah scroll.
library.thinkquest.org/C004351F/Glossary.htm

 

 

Hebrew alphabet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the alphabet derived from the Aramaic alphabet. For the alphabet derived from the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, see Samaritan script. For Hebrew diacritical marks, see Hebrew diacritics.

 

א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י
כ ך ל מ ם נ ן ס ע פ
ף צ ץ ק ר ש ת  •  ﭏ

 

Features:

Abjad • Mater lectionis • Begadkefat

Variants:

Cursive • Rashi • Braille

Numerals:

Gematria • Numeration

Ancillaries:

Diacritics • Punctuation • Cantillation

Translit.:

Romanization of Hebrew • Hebraization of English • IPA • ISO

Computers:

Keyboard • Unicode and HTML

Hebrew alphabet

Type

Abjad (for Hebrew, Aramaic, and Judeo-Arabic)
True Alphabet (for Yiddish)

Languages

Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic (see Jewish languages)

Time period

3rd century BCE to present

Parent systems

Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Hebrew alphabet

Sister systems

Nabataean
Syriac
Palmyrenean
Mandaic
Brāhmī
Pahlavi
Sogdian

ISO 15924

Hebr, 125

Direction

Right-to-left

Unicode alias

Hebrew

Unicode range

U+0590 to U+05FF,
U+FB1D to U+FB4F

Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols.

This article contains Hebrew text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hebrew letters.

 

 

[show]
History of the alphabet

Hebrew alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet

The Hebrew alphabet (Hebrew: אָלֶף־בֵּית עִבְרִי‎‎, Alephbet 'Ivri), known variously by scholars as the Jewish script, square script, block script, or more ...

Paleo-Hebrew alphabet - History of the Hebrew alphabet··

The Hebrew alphabet (Hebrew: אָלֶף־בֵּית עִבְרִי‎‎[a], Alephbet 'Ivri), known variously by scholars as the Jewish script, square script, block script, or more historically, the Assyrian script, is used in the writing of the Hebrew language, as well as other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. There have been two script forms in use. The original old Hebrew script is known as the paleo-Hebrew script (which has been largely preserved, in an altered form, in the Samaritan script), while the present "square" form of the Hebrew alphabet is a stylized form of the Aramaic script. Various "styles" (in current terms, "fonts") of representation of the letters exist. There is also a cursive Hebrew script, which has also varied over time and place.

The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters; five have different forms when they are used at the end of a word. Hebrew is written from right to left. Originally, the alphabet was an abjad consisting only of consonants. Like other abjads, such as the Arabic alphabet, means were later devised to indicate vowels by separate vowel points, known in Hebrew as niqqud. In rabbinic Hebrew, the letters א ה ו י are also used as matres lectionis to represent vowels. When used to write Yiddish, the writing system is a true alphabet (except for borrowed Hebrew words). In modern usage of the alphabet, as in the case of Yiddish (except that ע replaces ה) and to some extent modern Israeli Hebrew, vowels may be indicated. Today, the trend is toward full spelling with these letters acting as true vowels.

Before the adoption of the present script, Hebrew was written by the ancient Israelites, both Jews and Samaritans, using the paleo-Hebrew alphabet. During the 3rd century BCE, Jews began to use a stylized form of the Aramaic alphabet,[1] while the Samaritans continued to use a form of the paleo-Hebrew script, called the Samaritan script. The present "square script" Hebrew alphabet is a stylized version of the Aramaic alphabet which was adopted from that used by the Persian Empire (which in turn was adopted from the Arameans). After the fall of the Persian Empire, Jews used both scripts before settling on the Aramaic form. For a limited time thereafter, the use of the paleo-Hebrew script among Jews was retained only to write the Tetragrammaton, but soon that custom was also abandoned.[citation needed]

Contents
[hide] 1 History
2 Description 2.1 General
2.2 Vowels
2.3 Alphabet

3 Pronunciation of letter names
4 Orthographic variants 4.1 Yiddish symbols

5 Numeric values of letters
6 Transliterations and transcriptions
7 Pronunciation 7.1 Shin and sin
7.2 Dagesh
7.3 Identical pronunciation
7.4 Ancient Hebrew pronunciation

8 Vowels 8.1 Matres lectionis
8.2 Vowel points 8.2.1 Meteg
8.2.2 Sh'va
8.2.3 Comparison table

9 Gershayim
10 Sounds represented with diacritic geresh
11 Religious use
12 Unicode and HTML
13 See also
14 Notes
15 References
16 Bibliography
17 External links 17.1 General
17.2 Keyboards

[edit] History

Main article: History of the Hebrew alphabet

According to contemporary scholars, the original Hebrew script developed alongside others used in the region during the late second and first millennia BCE. It is closely related to the Phoenician script, which itself probably gave rise to the use of alphabetic writing in Greece (Greek alphabet). A distinct Hebrew variant, called the paleo-Hebrew alphabet, emerged by the 10th century BCE,[2] an example of which is represented in the Gezer calendar. It was commonly used in the ancient Israelite kingdoms of Israel and Judah.

Aleppo Codex: 10th century CE Hebrew Bible with Masoretic pointing. Text of Joshua 1:1
Following the fall of the Kingdom of Judah in the 6th century BCE, in the Babylonian exile, Jews adopted the Aramaic script, which was another offshoot of the same family of scripts, evolved into the Jewish, or "square" script, that is still in use today and known as the "Hebrew alphabet". The Samaritan script, used in writing Samaritan Hebrew, is descended directly from the paleo-Hebrew script.

The Hebrew alphabet was later adapted and used for writing languages of the Jewish diaspora - such as Karaim, Judæo-Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish, etc. The Hebrew alphabet came again into everyday use with the rebirth of the Hebrew language as a spoken language in the 18th and 19th centuries.

[edit] Description

[edit] General

In the traditional form, the Hebrew alphabet is an abjad consisting only of consonants, written from right to left. It has 22 letters, five of which use different forms at the end of a word. The Hebrew alphabet has a cursive script used for writing. (lower case) A upper case is used only for reading things such as books.

[edit] Vowels

In the traditional form, vowels are indicated by the weak consonants Aleph (א), He (ה), Vav (ו), or Yodh (י) serving as vowel letters, or matres lectionis: the letter is combined with a previous vowel and becomes silent, or by imitation of such cases in the spelling of other forms. Also, a system of vowel points to indicate vowels (diacritics), called niqqud, was developed. In modern forms of the alphabet, as in the case of Yiddish and to some extent modern Israeli Hebrew, vowels may be indicated. Today, the trend is toward full spelling with the weak letters acting as true vowels.

Hebrew script on the bustier of Jan van Scorel's Maria Magdalena, 1530.
When used to write Yiddish, vowels are indicated, using certain letters, either with or without niqqud-diacritics (e.g., respectively: "אָ", "יִ" or "י", "ע"), except for Hebrew words, which in Yiddish are written in their Hebrew spelling.

To preserve the proper vowel sounds, scholars developed several different sets of vocalization and diacritical symbols called niqqud (ניקוד, literally "applying points"). One of these, the Tiberian system, eventually prevailed. Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, and his family for several generations, are credited for refining and maintaining the system. These points are normally used only for special purposes, such as Biblical books intended for study, in poetry or when teaching the language to children. The Tiberian system also includes a set of cantillation marks used to indicate how scriptural passages should be chanted, used in synagogue recitations of scripture (although these marks do not appear in the scrolls), called "trope". In everyday writing of modern Hebrew, niqqud are absent; however, patterns of how words are derived from Hebrew roots (called shorashim, or root letterss) allow Hebrew speakers to determine the vowel-structure of a given word from its consonants based on the word's context and part of speech.

[edit] Alphabet

Neither the old Hebrew script nor the modern Hebrew script have case, but five letters have special final forms,[c] called sofit (Hebrew: סופית‎, meaning in this case "final" or "ending") form, used only at the end of a word, somewhat as in the Arabic and Mandaic alphabets[b]. These are shown below the normal form, in the following table (letter names are Unicode standard[3]). Hebrew is written from right to left.

 

 

S	1	-	-	SEPHIROTH	-	-	-
-	-	-	1	S	19	10	1
-	-	-	1	E	5	5	5
-	-	-	1	P	16	7	7
-	-	-	1	H	8	8	8
-	-	-	1	I	9	9	9
-	-	-	1	R	18	9	9
-	-	-	1	O	15	6	6
-	-	-	1	T	20	2	2
-	-	-	1	H	8	8	8
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	118	64	55
-	-	-	=	-	1+1+8	6+4	5+5
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	10	10	10
-	-	-	=	-	1+0	1+0	1+0
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	1	1	1

 

 

S	1	-	-	SEPHIROTH	-	-	-
-	-	-	6	OTHERS	85	31	4
-	-	-	3	P+H+I	33	24	6
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	118	55	10
-	-	-	=	-	1+1+8	5+5	1+0
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	10	10	1
-	-	-	=	-	1+0	1+0	=
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	1	1	1

 

 

S	1	-	-	SEPHIROTH	-	-	-
-	-	-	6	OTHERS	85	31	4
-	-	-	1	P	16	7	7
-	-	-	1	H	8	8	8
-	-	-	1	I	9	9	9
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	118	55	10
-	-	-	=	-	1+1+8	5+5	1+0
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	10	10	1
-	-	-	=	-	1+0	1+0	=
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	1	1	1

 

 

S	1	-	-	SEPHIROTH	-	-	-
-	-	-	2	S+O	34	25	7
-	-	-	3	T+H+E	33	15	6
-	-	-	1	P	16	7	7
-	-	-	1	H	8	8	8
-	-	-	2	I+R	27	18	9
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	118	73	37
-	-	-	=	-	1+1+8	6+4	3+7
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	10	10	10
-	-	-	=	-	1+0	1+0	1+0
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	1	1	1

 

 

S	1	-	-	SEPHIROTH	-	-	-
-	-	-	2	S+E	24	15	6
-	-	-	1	P	16	7	7
-	-	-	1	H	8	8	8
-	-	-	1	I	9	9	9
-	-	-	4	R+O+T+H	61	25	7
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	118	64	10
-	-	-	=	-	1+1+8	6+4	1+0
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	10	10	1
-	-	-	=	-	1+0	1+0	=
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	1	1	1

 

 

-	9	S	E	P	H	I	R	O	T	H	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	1	-	-	8	9	-	6	-	8	+	=	32	3+2	=	5	-	5	=	5
-	-	19	-	-	8	9	-	15	-	8	+	=	59	5+9	=	14	1+4	5	=	5
-	9	S	E	P	H	I	R	O	T	H	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	5	7	-	-	9	-	2	-	+	=	23	2+3	=	5	-	5	=	5
-	-	-	5	16	-	-	18	-	20	-	+	=	59	5+9	=	14	1+4	5	=	5
-	9	S	E	P	H	I	R	O	T	H	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	19	5	16	8	9	18	15	20	8	+	=	118	1+1+8	=	10	1+0	1	=	1
-	-	1	5	7	8	9	9	6	2	8	+	=	55	5+5	=	10	1+0	1	=	1
-	9	S	E	P	H	I	R	O	T	H	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	occurs	x	1	=	1	=	1
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	-	-	-	2	occurs	x	1	=	2	=	2
3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	3	THREE	3	-	-	-	-	-
4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	4	FOUR	4	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	5	occurs	x	1	=	5	=	5
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-	-	6	occurs	x	1	=	6	-	6
-	-	-	-	7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7	occurs	x	1	=	7	-	7
-	-	-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	8	-	-	8	occurs	x	2	=	16	1+6	7
-	-	-	-	-	-	9	9	-	-	-	-	-	9	occurs	x	2	=	18	1+8	9
7	9	S	E	P	H	I	R	O	T	H	-	-	38	-	-	9	-	55	-	37
-	-	-	-	-	-	9	9	-	-	-	-	-	3+8	-	-	-	-	5+5	-	3+7
7	9	S	E	P	H	I	R	O	T	H	-	-	11	-	-	9	-	10	-	10
-	-	1	5	7	8	9	9	6	2	8	-	-	1+1	-	-	-	-	1+0	-	1+0
7	9	S	E	P	H	I	R	O	T	H	-	-	2	-	-	9	-	1	-	1

 

 

9	S	E	P	H	I	R	O	T	H	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	1	-	-	8	9	-	6	-	8	+	=	32	3+2	=	5	-	5	=	5
-	19	-	-	8	9	-	15	-	8	+	=	59	5+9	=	14	1+4	5	=	5
9	S	E	P	H	I	R	O	T	H	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	5	7	-	-	9	-	2	-	+	=	23	2+3	=	5	-	5	=	5
-	-	5	16	-	-	18	-	20	-	+	=	59	5+9	=	14	1+4	5	=	5
9	S	E	P	H	I	R	O	T	H	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	19	5	16	8	9	18	15	20	8	+	=	118	1+1+8	=	10	1+0	1	=	1
-	1	5	7	8	9	9	6	2	8	+	=	55	5+5	=	10	1+0	1	=	1
9	S	E	P	H	I	R	O	T	H	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	occurs	x	1	=	1	=	1
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	-	-	-	2	occurs	x	1	=	2	=	2
-	-	5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	5	occurs	x	1	=	5	=	5
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-	-	6	occurs	x	1	=	6	=	6
-	-	-	7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7	occurs	x	1	=	7	=	7
-	-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	8	-	-	8	occurs	x	2	=	16	1+6	7
-	-	-	-	-	9	9	-	-	-	-	-	9	occurs	x	2	=	18	1+8	9
9	S	E	P	H	I	R	O	T	H	-	-	38	-	-	9	-	55	-	37
-	-	-	-	-	9	9	-	-	-	-	-	3+8	-	-	-	-	5+5	-	3+7
9	S	E	P	H	I	R	O	T	H	-	-	11	-	-	9	-	10	-	10
-	1	5	7	8	9	9	6	2	8	-	-	1+1	-	-	-	-	1+0	-	1+0
9	S	E	P	H	I	R	O	T	H	-	-	2	-	-	9	-	1	-	1

 

 

-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
T	=	2	-	3	THE	33	15	6	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-
P	=	7	-	10	PHOENICIAN	94	49	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
A	=	1	-	8	ALPHABET	65	29	2	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	10	-	21	First Total	192	93	12	-	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
-	-	1+0	-	2+1	Add to Reduce	1+9+2	9+3	1+2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	1	Q	3	Second Total	12	12	3	Q	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
-	-	-	-	-	Reduce to Deduce	1+2	1+2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	1	Q	3	Essence of Number	3	3	3	Q	1	2	3	4	5	3	7	8	9

 

 

-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Z	=	8	-	5	ZAYIN	75	30	3	-	-	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-
W	=	5	-	3	WAW	47	11	2	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
H	=	8	-	2	HE	13	4	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
D	=	4	-	6	DALETH	50	23	5	-	-	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-
G	=	7	-	5	GIMEL	46	28	1	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
B	=	2	-	4	BETH	35	17	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	-
A	=	1	-	5	ALEPH	42	24	6	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-
N	=	5	-	3	NUN	49	13	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
M	=	4	-	3	MEM	31	13	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
L	=	3	-	6	LAMEDH	43	25	7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7	-	-
K	=	2	-	4	KAPH	36	18	9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9
Y	=	7	-	4	YODH	52	25	7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7	-	-
T	=	2	-	4	TETH	53	17	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	-
H	=	8	-	4	HETH	41	23	5	-	-	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-
T	=	2	-	3	TAW	44	8	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	-
S	=	1	-	4	SHIN	50	23	5	-	-	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-
R	=	9	-	4	RESH	50	23	5	-	-	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-
Q	=	8	-	4	QOPF	56	29	2	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
S	=	1	-	5	SADHE	37	19	1	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
P	=	7	-	3	PEH	29	20	2	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
A	=	1	-	4	AYIN	49	22	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
S	=	1	-	6	SAMEKH	57	21	3	-	-	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	96	-	91	-	985	436	103	-	2	6	6	16	20	6	14	24	9
-	-	9+6	-	9+1	-	9+8+5	4+3+6	1+0+3	-	-	-	-	1+6	2+0	-	1+4	2+4	-
Q	-	15	Q	10	Q	22	13	4	Q	2	6	6	7	2	6	5	6	9
-	-	1+5	-	1+0	-	2+2	1+3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	6	Q	1	Q	4	4	4	Q	2	6	6	7	2	6	5	6	9

 

 

Hebrew alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet

The Hebrew alphabet (Hebrew: אָלֶף־בֵּית עִבְרִי‎‎, Alephbet 'Ivri), known variously by scholars as the Jewish script, square script, block script, or more ...

Paleo-Hebrew alphabet - History of the Hebrew alphabet

 

THE

ALPHABET OF BIBLICAL

HEBREW

 

-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
T	=	2	-	3	THE	33	15	6	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-
A	=	1	-	8	ALPHABET	65	29	2	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
O	=	6	-	2	OF	21	12	3	-	-	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-
B	=	2	-	8	BIBLICAL	50	32	5	-	-	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-
H	=	8	-	6	HEBREW	61	34	7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7	-	-
-	-	19	-	27	First Total	230	122	23	-	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
-	-	1+9	-	2+7	Add to Reduce	2+3+0	1+2+2	2+3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	10	Q	9	Second Total	5	5	5	Q	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
-	-	1+0	-	-	Reduce to Deduce	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	1	Q	9	Essence of Number	5	5	5	Q	1	2	3	4	5	3	7	8	9

 

 

-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
A	=	1	-	5	ALEPH	42	24	6	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-
B	=	2	-	4	BETH	35	17	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	-
G	=	7	-	5	GIMEL	46	28	1	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
D	=	4	-	5	DALET	42	15	6	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-
H	=	8	-	3	HEY	38	20	2	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
W	=	5	-	3	WAW	47	11	2	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Z	=	8	-	5	ZAYIN	75	30	3	-	-	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-
H	=	8	-	3	HET	33	15	6	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-
T	=	2	-	3	TET	45	9	9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9
Y	=	7	-	3	YOD	44	17	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	-
K	=	2	-	3	KAF	18	9	9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9
L	=	3	-	5	LAMED	35	17	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	-
M	=	4	-	3	MEM	31	13	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
N	=	5	-	3	NUN	49	13	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
S	=	1	-	6	SAMECH	49	22	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
A	=	1	-	4	AYIN	49	22	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
P	=	7	-	3	PEH	29	20	2	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
T	=	2	-	5	TSADE	49	13	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
Q	=	8	-	3	QOF	38	20	2	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
R	=	9	-	4	RESH	50	23	5	-	-	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-
S	=	1	-	4	SHIN	50	23	5	-	-	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-
T	=	2	-	3	TAV	43	7	7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7	-	-
-	-	97	-	85	-	937	397	118	-	1	8	3	20	10	18	7	24	18
-	-	9+7	-	8+5	-	9+3+7	3+9+7	1+1+8	-	-	-	-	2+0	1+0	1+8	-	2+4	1+8
Q	-	16	Q	13	Q	19	19	10	Q	1	8	3	2	1	9	7	6	9
-	-	1+6	-	1+3	-	1+9	1+9	1+0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	7	Q	4	Q	10	10	1	Q	1	8	3	2	1	9	7	6	9
-	-	-	-	-	-	1+0	1+0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	7	Q	4		1	1	1	Q	1	8	3	2	1	9	7	6	9

 

 

-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
A	=	1	-	5	ALEPH	42	24	6	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-
B	=	2	-	4	BETH	35	17	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	-
G	=	7	-	5	GIMEL	46	28	1	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
D	=	4	-	5	DALET	42	15	6	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-
H	=	8	-	3	HEY	38	20	2	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
W	=	5	-	3	WAW	47	11	2	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Z	=	8	-	5	ZAYIN	75	30	3	-	-	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-
H	=	8	-	3	HET	33	15	6	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-
T	=	2	-	3	TET	45	9	9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9
Y	=	7	-	3	YOD	44	17	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	-
K	=	2	-	3	KAF	18	9	9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9
-	-	54	-	42	-	465	195	60	-	1	4	3	4	5	18	7	16	18
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
L	=	3	-	5	LAMED	35	17	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	-
M	=	4	-	3	MEM	31	13	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
N	=	5	-	3	NUN	49	13	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
S	=	1	-	6	SAMECH	49	22	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
A	=	1	-	4	AYIN	49	22	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
P	=	7	-	3	PEH	29	20	2	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
T	=	2	-	5	TSADE	49	13	4	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-
Q	=	8	-	3	QOF	38	20	2	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
R	=	9	-	4	RESH	50	23	5	-	-	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-
S	=	1	-	4	SHIN	50	23	5	-	-	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-
T	=	2	-	3	TAV	43	7	7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7	-	-
-	-	43	-	43	-	472	202	58	-	1	4	3	20	10	6	7	8	9
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	97	-	85	-	937	397	118	-	1	8	3	20	10	18	7	24	18
-	-	9+7	-	8+5	-	9+3+7	3+9+7	1+1+8	-	-	-	-	2+0	1+0	1+8	-	2+4	1+8
Q	-	16	Q	13	Q	19	19	10	Q	1	8	3	2	1	9	7	6	9
-	-	1+6	-	1+3	-	1+9	1+9	1+0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	7	Q	4	Q	10	10	1	Q	1	8	3	2	1	9	7	6	9
-	-	-	-	-	-	1+0	1+0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	7	Q	4		1	1	1	Q	1	8	3	2	1	9	7	6	9

 

 

S	1	-	-	SEPHIROTH	-	-	-
-	-	-	2	S+O	34	25	7
-	-	-	3	T+H+E	33	15	6
-	-	-	1	P	16	7	7
-	-	-	1	H	8	8	8
-	-	-	2	I+R	27	18	9
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	118	73	37
-	-	-	=	-	1+1+8	6+4	3+7
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	10	10	10
-	-	-	=	-	1+0	1+0	1+0
S	1	-	9	SEPHIROTH	1	1	1

 

 

T	=	2	-	3	THE	33	15	6
C	=	3	-	5	CROWN	73	28	1
O	=	6	-	2	OF	21	12	3
T	=	2	-	6	THORNS	94	31	4
-	-	16	-	16	-	221	86	14
-	-	1+6	-	1+6	-	2+2+1	8+6	1+4
-	-	7	-	7	-	5	14	5
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1+4	-
-	-	7	-	7	-	5	5	5

 

 

-	16	T	H	E	-	C	R	O	W	N	-	O	F	-	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	6	-	5	-	6	-	-	-	8	6	-	5	1	+	=	45	4+5	=	9	=	9	=	9
-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	15	-	14	-	15	-	-	-	8	15	-	14	19	+	=	108	1+0+8	=	9	=	9	=	9
-	16	T	H	E	-	C	R	O	W	N	-	O	F	-	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	2	-	5	-	3	9	-	5	-	-	-	6	-	2	-	-	9	-	-	+	=	41	4+1	=	5	=	5	=	5
-	-	20	-	5	-	3	18	-	23	-	-	-	6	-	20	-	-	18	-	-	+	=	113	1+1+3	=	5	=	5	=	5
-	16	T	H	E	-	C	R	O	W	N	-	O	F	-	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	20	8	5	-	3	18	15	23	14	-	15	6	-	20	8	15	18	14	19	+	=	221	2+2+1	=	5	=	5	=	5
-	-	2	8	5	-	3	9	6	5	5	-	6	6	-	2	8	6	9	5	1	+	=	86	8+6	=	14	1+4	5	=	5
-	16	T	H	E	-	C	R	O	W	N	-	O	F	-	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	-	-	1	occurs	x	1	=	1	=	1
-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	occurs	x	2	=	4	=	4
-	-	-	-	-	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	3	occurs	x	1	=	3	=	3
4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	4	FOUR	4	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-	5	5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	5	occurs	x	4	=	20	2+0	2
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-	6	6	-	-	-	6	-	-	-	-	-	6	occurs	x	4	=	24	2+4	6
7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7	SEVEN	7	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	occurs	x	2	=	16	1+6	7
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9	-	-	-	-	9	occurs	x	2	=	18	1+8	9
11	16	T	H	E	-	C	R	O	W	N	-	O	F	-	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	34	-	-	16	-	86	-	32
1+1	1+6	-	-	-	-	-	9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9	-	-	-	-	3+4	-	-	1+6	-	8+6	-	3+2
2	7	T	H	E	-	C	R	O	W	N	-	O	F	-	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	7	-	-	7	-	14	-	5
-	-	2	8	5	-	3	9	6	5	5	-	6	6	-	2	8	6	9	5	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1+4	-	-
2	7	T	H	E	-	C	R	O	W	N	-	O	F	-	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	7	-	-	7	-	5	-	5

 

 

16	T	H	E	-	C	R	O	W	N	-	O	F	-	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	8	-	-	-	-	6	-	5	-	6	-	-	-	8	6	-	5	1	+	=	45	4+5	=	9	=	9	=	9
-	-	8	-	-	-	-	15	-	14	-	15	-	-	-	8	15	-	14	19	+	=	108	1+0+8	=	9	=	9	=	9
16	T	H	E	-	C	R	O	W	N	-	O	F	-	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	2	-	5	-	3	9	-	5	-	-	-	6	-	2	-	-	9	-	-	+	=	41	4+1	=	5	=	5	=	5
-	20	-	5	-	3	18	-	23	-	-	-	6	-	20	-	-	18	-	-	+	=	113	1+1+3	=	5	=	5	=	5
16	T	H	E	-	C	R	O	W	N	-	O	F	-	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	20	8	5	-	3	18	15	23	14	-	15	6	-	20	8	15	18	14	19	+	=	221	2+2+1	=	5	=	5	=	5
-	2	8	5	-	3	9	6	5	5	-	6	6	-	2	8	6	9	5	1	+	=	86	8+6	=	14	1+4	5	=	5
16	T	H	E	-	C	R	O	W	N	-	O	F	-	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	-	-	1	occurs	x	1	=	1	=	1
-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	occurs	x	2	=	4	=	4
-	-	-	-	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	3	occurs	x	1	=	3	=	3
-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-	5	5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	5	occurs	x	4	=	20	2+0	2
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-	6	6	-	-	-	6	-	-	-	-	-	6	occurs	x	4	=	24	2+4	6
-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	occurs	x	2	=	16	1+6	7
-	-	-	-	-	-	9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9	-	-	-	-	9	occurs	x	2	=	18	1+8	9
16	T	H	E	-	C	R	O	W	N	-	O	F	-	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	34	-	-	16	-	86	-	32
1+6	-	-	-	-	-	9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9	-	-	-	-	3+4	-	-	1+6	-	8+6	-	3+2
7	T	H	E	-	C	R	O	W	N	-	O	F	-	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	7	-	-	7	-	14	-	5
-	2	8	5	-	3	9	6	5	5	-	6	6	-	2	8	6	9	5	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1+4	-	-
7	T	H	E	-	C	R	O	W	N	-	O	F	-	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	7	-	-	7	-	5	-	5

 

 

16	T	H	E	C	R	O	W	N	O	F	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	8	-	-	-	6	-	5	6	-	-	8	6	-	5	1	+	=	45	4+5	=	9	=	9	=	9
-	-	8	-	-	-	15	-	14	15	-	-	8	15	-	14	19	+	=	108	1+0+8	=	9	=	9	=	9
16	T	H	E	C	R	O	W	N	O	F	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	2	-	5	3	9	-	5	-	-	6	2	-	-	9	-	-	+	=	41	4+1	=	5	=	5	=	5
-	20	-	5	3	18	-	23	-	-	6	20	-	-	18	-	-	+	=	113	1+1+3	=	5	=	5	=	5
16	T	H	E	C	R	O	W	N	O	F	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	20	8	5	3	18	15	23	14	15	6	20	8	15	18	14	19	+	=	221	2+2+1	=	5	=	5	=	5
-	2	8	5	3	9	6	5	5	6	6	2	8	6	9	5	1	+	=	86	8+6	=	14	1+4	5	=	5
16	T	H	E	C	R	O	W	N	O	F	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	-	-	1	occurs	x	1	=	1	=	1
-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	occurs	x	2	=	4	=	4
-	-	-	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	3	occurs	x	1	=	3	=	3
-	-	-	5	-	-	-	5	5	-	-	-	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	5	occurs	x	4	=	20	2+0	2
-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	6	6	-	-	6	-	-	-	-	-	6	occurs	x	4	=	24	2+4	6
-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	occurs	x	2	=	16	1+6	7
-	-	-	-	-	9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9	-	-	-	-	9	occurs	x	2	=	18	1+8	9
16	T	H	E	C	R	O	W	N	O	F	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	34	-	-	16	-	86	-	32
1+6	-	-	-	-	9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9	-	-	-	-	3+4	-	-	1+6	-	8+6	-	3+2
7	T	H	E	C	R	O	W	N	O	F	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	7	-	-	7	-	14	-	5
-	2	8	5	3	9	6	5	5	6	6	2	8	6	9	5	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1+4	-	-
7	T	H	E	C	R	O	W	N	O	F	T	H	O	R	N	S	-	-	7	-	-	7	-	5	-	5

 

 

K	2	-	5	KETER	-	-	-
-	-	-	1	K +E+T	27	9	9
-	-	-	2	E	5	5	5
-	-	-	1	R	18	9	9
K	2	-	5	KETER	59	23	14
-	-	-	=	-	5+9	2+3	1+4
K	2	-	5	KETER	14	5	5
-	-	-	=	-	1+4	-	=
K	2	-	6	KETER	5	5	5
-	-	-	=	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	=	-	-	-	-
C	3	-	6	CROWN	73	28	1

 

 

T	=	2	-	3	THE	33	15	6	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-
N	=	5	-	6	NUMBER	73	28	1	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
O	=	6	-	2	OF	21	12	3	-	-	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-
T	=	2	-	3	THE	33	15	6	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	-	-
B	=	2	-	9	BEAST	47	11	2	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	17	-	23	Add to Reduce	207	81	18	-	1	2	3	4	5	12	7	8	9
-	-	1+7	-	2+3	Reduce to Deduce	2+0+7	8+1	1+8	-	-	-	-	-	-	1+2	-	-	-
-	-	8	Q	5	Essence of Number	9	9	9	Q	1	2	3	4	5	3	7	8	9

 

 

AMEN THAT NAME TO RAH GODS RAH TO NAME THAT AMEN

 

 

I

THAT I THAT

SPIRIT OF SPIRIT

SPIRITGODS I GODS SPIRIT

SPIRIT I GODS I GODS I SPIRIT

SPIRITTHAT I THAT I THAT SPIRIT

I THAT AM THAT U THAT R THAT AM THAT R THAT U THAT AM THAT I

I THAT AM ALPHA AND OMEGA AM I AM OMEGA AND ALPHA AM THAT I

 

 

-	COLOURED	-	-	-
2	C+O	18	9	9
2	L+O	27	9	9
1	U	21	3	3
1	R	18	9	9
2	E+D	9	9	9
8	COLOURED	93	39	39
-	-	9+3	3+9	3+9
8	COLOURED	12	12	12
-	-	1+2	1+2	1+2
8	COLOURED	3	3	3

 

 

C	=	3	-	6	COLOUR	84	30	3
M	=	4	-	2	ME	18	9	9
T	=	2	-	5	THREE	56	29	2
B	-	9	Q	13	First Total	158	68	14
-	-	-	-	1+3	Add to Reduce	1+5+8	6+8	1+4
-	-	9	-	4	Second Total	14	14	5
-	-	-	-	-	Reduce to Deduce	1+4	1+4	-
-	-	9	-	4	Essence of Number	5	5	5

 

 

H

=

8

-

9

HEREAFTER

86

50

5

 

 

O	=	6	-	5	ORION	71	35	8
S	=	1	-	3	SAH	28	10	1
B	-	7	Q	8	First Total	99	45	9
-	-	-	-	-	Add to Reduce	9+9	4+5	-
-	-	7	-	8	Second Total	18	9	9
-	-	-	-	-	Reduce to Deduce	1+8	-	-
-	-	7	-	8	Essence of Number	9	9	9

 

 

O	=	6	-	5	ORION	71	35	8
S	=	1	-	3	HAS	28	10	1
B	-	7	Q	8	First Total	99	45	9
-	-	-	-	-	Add to Reduce	9+9	4+5	-
-	-	7	-	8	Second Total	18	9	9
-	-	-	-	-	Reduce to Deduce	1+8	-	-
-	-	7	-	8	Essence of Number	9	9	9

 

 

P

=

7

-

9

PENTATEUCH

113

41

5

 

 

-	PENTATEUCH	-	-	-
1	P	16	7	7
1	E	5	5	5
1	N	14	5	5
3	T+A+T	41	5	5
1	E	5	5	5
3	U+C+H	32	5	5
9	PENTATEUCH	113	41	5
-	-	1+1+3	4+1	-
9	PENTATEUCH	5	5	5

 

 

-	9	P	E	N	T	A	T	E	U	C	H	-	-	-	-	-	--	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	+	=	13	1+3	=	4	=	4	=	4
-	-	-	-	14	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	+	=	22	2+2	=	4	=	4	=	4
-	9	P	E	N	T	A	T	E	U	C	H	-	-	-	-	-	--	-	-	-	-
-	-	7	5	-	2	1	2	5	3	3	-	+	=	28	2+8	=	10	1+0	1	=	1
-	-	16	5	-	20	1	20	5	21	3	-	+	=	93	9+3	=	10	1+0	1	=	1
-	9	P	E	N	T	A	T	E	U	C	H	-	-	-	-	-	--	-	-	-	-
-	-	16	5	14	20	1	20	5	21	3	8	+	=	113	1+1+3	=	5	=	5	=	5
-	-	7	5	5	2	1	2	5	3	3	8	+	=	41	4+1	=	5	=	5	=	5
-	9	P	E	N	T	A	T	E	U	C	H	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	occurs	x	1	=	1	=	1
-	-	-	-	-	2	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	occurs	x	2	=	4	=	4
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	3	3	-	-	-	3	occurs	x	2	=	6	=	6
4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	4	FOUR	4	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	5	5	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-	-	5	occurs	x	3	=	15	1+5	6
6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	SIX	6	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7	occurs	x	1	=	7	=	7
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	-	-	8	occurs	x	1	=	8	=	8
9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9	NINE	9	-	-	-	-	-
19	9	P	E	N	T	A	T	E	U	C	H	-	-	26	-``	-	9	-	41	-	32
1+9	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2+6	-	-	-	-	4+1	-	3+2
10	9	P	E	N	T	A	T	E	U	C	H	-	-	8	-``	-	9	-	5	-	5
1+0	-	7	5	5	2	1	2	5	3	3	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1	9	P	E	N	T	A	T	E	U	C	H	-	-	8	-``	-	9	-	5	-	5

 

 

9	P	E	N	T	A	T	E	U	C	H	-	-	-	-	-	--	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	+	=	13	1+3	=	4	=	4	=	4
-	-	-	14	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	+	=	22	2+2	=	4	=	4	=	4
9	P	E	N	T	A	T	E	U	C	H	-	-	-	-	-	--	-	-	-	-
-	7	5	-	2	1	2	5	3	3	-	+	=	28	2+8	=	10	1+0	1	=	1
-	16	5	-	20	1	20	5	21	3	-	+	=	93	9+3	=	10	1+0	1	=	1
9	P	E	N	T	A	T	E	U	C	H	-	-	-	-	-	--	-	-	-	-
-	16	5	14	20	1	20	5	21	3	8	+	=	113	1+1+3	=	5	=	5	=	5
-	7	5	5	2	1	2	5	3	3	8	+	=	41	4+1	=	5	=	5	=	5
9	P	E	N	T	A	T	E	U	C	H	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
-	-	-	-	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	occurs	x	1	=	1	=	1
-	-	-	-	2	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	occurs	x	2	=	4	=	4
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	3	3	-	-	-	3	occurs	x	2	=	6	=	6
-	-	5	5	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-	-	5	occurs	x	3	=	15	1+5	6
-	7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7	occurs	x	1	=	7	=	7
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	-	-	8	occurs	x	1	=	8	=	8
9	P	E	N	T	A	T	E	U	C	H	-	-	26	-``	-	9	-	41	-	32
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2+6	-	-	-	-	4+1	-	3+2
9	P	E	N	T	A	T	E	U	C	H	-	-	8	-``	-	9	-	5	-	5
-	7	5	5	2	1	2	5	3	3	8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
9	P	E	N	T	A	T	E	U	C	H	-	-	8	-``	-	9	-	5	-	5

 

 

T	=	2	-	3	THE	33	15	6
N	=	5	-	6	NINETY	87	33	6
N	=	5	-	4	NINE	42	24	6
S	-	12	4	13	Add to Reduce	162	72	18
-	-	1+2	-``	1+3	Reduce to Deduce	1+6+2	7+2	1+8
S	-	3	-	4	Essence of Number	9	9	9